PyJack version 0.1
Copyright 2003, Andrew W. Schmeder <andy@a2hd.com>
Transport support by Il'dar Akhmetgaleev in Jan 14 2008
	(http://akhil.nm.ru) <akhilman at gmail dot com>

This is open source software released under the GPL license.
The full text of this license is found in the file 'LICENSE',
included with this source code package.

This software is presently distributed from http://www.a2hd.com.
Please check that site for the latest version.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description:

  PyJack is a module written in C which exposes the Jack API to Python.
For information about Jack see http://jackit.sourceforge.net.  This
enables a Python program to connect to and interact with pro-audio
applications which use the Jack Audio Server.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose:

- To show that it can be done.

- For programmers who want to prototype DSP and sound synthesis
algorithms using Numeric Python and similar tools.  PyJack provides the
means to capture and playback audio.

-  For patchbay applications; A powerful Jack patchbay can be written
in Python using this module.  This is planned for the future.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Installation:

  This package uses the excellent and simple Python distutils.
  Installation is very simple.  It works something like this;
  
# tar -xzvf pyjack-0.1.tar.gz           (unpack archive)
# cd pyjack-0.1                         (cd to source dir)
# python setup.py install               (install...)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Demos:

  There are two demos which show how to use the module in a practical 
  situation.  See testtone.py and capture.py in the source directory.
  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Realtime Issues:

  Python is known to be relatively slow (compared to C/C++),
and non-realtime due to memory management details.  Because of this,
Python is -NOT- a suitable language for realtime audio processing!
This means that it is unacceptable to place the Python intepreter 
"inside" of a Jack client.  
  PyJack therefore uses a "semi-detached" method.  The PyJack 
client consists of two threads; a Jack client thread and a Python
thread.  The Jack client thread is run in realtime context; it never
blocks, it is entirely deterministic, and does not touch any Python
data structures nor the interpreter.  The Jack client thread merely
copies audio data in/out of socket buffers.  On the Python side,
calls to jack.process() copy audio data in/out of the other end of
those sockets providing the connection to Python via Numeric arrays
of floats.  In any case, use of a large buffer size (e.g. 1024 samples)
is recommended.
  In order to capture or playback audio without missing a block,
Python must call jack.process() at least once every 500*(N/Sr)
milliseconds.  (N = jack.get_buffer_size(), Sr = jack.get_sample_rate()).
If this rate is not kept up, you may get jack.InputSyncError or 
jack.OutputSyncError exceptions thrown by jack.process().
  Typically you will want to use the following design for a DSP
prototyping program:

  1.  Attach to the jack server (jack.attach)
      Create input and output ports (jack.register_port)
      Connect inputs and outputs to jack graph (jack.connect)
      Activate client (jack.activate)
  2.  Preallocate matricies for input and output audio data
  3.  Capture X seconds of audio (jack.process)
  4.  Process audio using your algorithm
      It does not matter how long this takes...
  5.  Playback X seconds of audio (jack.process)
  6.  Detach from jack server (jack.detach)

  See the example code to get started; testtone.py and capture.py.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Module Documentation and Usage Examples:

Example: Importing the module:
>>> import jack
>>> dir(jack)
['CanMonitor', ... ]
>>> print jack.attach.__doc__
Attach client to the Jack server

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exceptions Thrown by the Jack module:

  These are called jack.Error, jack.InputSyncError, etc.
  
jack.Error:
  A general exception thrown when things go wrong.  Usually something 
  bad, like "can't connect to server", or "failed to connect ports"

jack.NotConnectedError:
  Thrown when you try to access a jack API function before the client 
  has been attached.   

jack.UsageError:
  Thrown when you are misusing the PyJack API.  For example, trying to 
  call jack.activate() when the client has already been activated.

jack.InputSyncError:
jack.OutputSyncError:
  Often the low level jack client thread is not synchronized with the 
  Python side.  This exception will be thrown to warn you that there a 
  potential synchronization problem.  jack.OutputSyncError is extremely 
  uncommon, you should not ever see that error.  jack.InputSyncError is 
  very common, for example if you have activated the client but do not 
  start calling jack.process() immediately.

>>> import jack
>>> import time
>>> jack.attach("test")
... etc
>>> jack.activate()
>>> time.sleep(1)
>>> jack.process(output, input)

  Here you will get a InputSyncError, because you have been sleeping 
  for 1 second, the data in the audio buffer is about 1 second old.  
  In other words, the input stream has been stopped for 1 second, 
  holding old data. In spite of getting this error, you _will_ get 
  the old audio data in your input array.

  Say that you want to write a monitoring application in Python; Now, 
  having a toolkit running along with audio processing in realtime is 
  nearly impossible (I've tried it; there is just not enough time to 
  redraw the screen without getting an InputSyncError). Basically what 
  you will want to do is only call jack.process() a few times per 
  second (say 5 times per second).  Each time you call jack.process() 
  it will throw an InputSyncError, but you know that the audio data is 
  at most 1/5th of a second old; that is probably good enough for a 
  very simple metering of the input without making the GUI requirements 
  too extreme.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jack Port Flags:

jack.IsInput
jack.IsOutput
jack.CanMonitor
jack.IsPhysical
jack.IsTerminal

  These are bit flags which indicate the properties of Jack ports.  Use 
  the bitwise operators (| and &) with them; 
  
Example:
>>> print jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:capture_1')
22
>>> print (jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:capture_1') & jack.IsInput) > 0
0
>>> print (jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:capture_1') & jack.IsOutput) > 0
1
>>> print (jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:capture_1') & jack.IsPhysical) > 0
1
>>> print (jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:capture_1') & jack.IsTerminal) > 0
1
>>> print (jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:capture_1') & jack.CanMonitor) > 0
0

  When creating ports, you will want to use a bitwise | of the flags;
  
>>> jack.register_port("input_1", jack.IsInput | jack.CanMonitor)
>>> jack.register_port("input_1", jack.IsOutput | jack.CanMonitor)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Function calls in the jack module:

---
jack.attach(name)
  Attach to the jack server using the given client name.
  All other function calls in the jack module require that you call
  this function first.  (otherwise you will get a NotConnectedError).

>>> jack.attach("foo_client")

---
jack.detach()
  Detach from the jack server
  
>>> jack.detach()
>>> jack.get_sample_rate()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
jack.NotConnectedError: Jack connection has not yet been established.

---
jack.register_port(name, flags)
  Create a new port for this client with the given flags.
  Once a port is created it cannot be 'unregistered'.
  (The Jack API does permit this, but the PyJack module does not support it.)

---
jack.activate()
  Enables callbacks to the realtime jack thread.
  This must be called before jack.process() is used.
  Enabling the realtime thread has minimal CPU overhead.
  
---
jack.deactivate()
  Disables Jack callbacks to the realtime thread.
  Opposite of jack.activate()
  jack.process() cannot be used after jack.deactivate() is called,
  until jack.activate() is called again.

---
jack.process()
  This function exchanges audio between Python and the realtime jack thread.
  
  It requires two arguments, which are both 2D Numeric Python arrays.
  The arrays -must- be of type 'Float'.  The size in the first dimenision
  must match the number of inputs or outputs, and the size of the second
  dimension must match the buffer size.  See capture.py and testtone.py
  for examples of how this works.  Following is a part of the code from
  testtone.py.  In this example there is only one input port and one output
  port.  input.shape = (1, 1024), output.shape = (1, 144000).
  Notice that process will modify entries in the input array.

input = Numeric.zeros((1,N), 'f')    # note the float type here...
output = Numeric.reshape(
    Numeric.sin(
        2*Numeric.pi*440.0 * (Numeric.arange(0, sec, 1.0/(Sr), 'f')[0:int(Sr*sec)])
    ), (1, Sr*sec)).astype('f')

i = 0
while i < output.shape[1] - N:
    try:
        jack.process(output[:,i:i+N], input)
        i += N
    except jack.InputSyncError:
        pass
    except jack.OutputSyncError:
        pass

---
jack.get_ports()
  Returns a list of all registered ports in the Jack graph.
  The name of a port looks like: "client_name:port_name"

>>> jack.get_ports()
['alsa_pcm:capture_1', 'alsa_pcm:capture_2', 'alsa_pcm:capture_3', ... ]

---
jack.get_port_flags()
  Returns an integer which is the bitwise-or of all flags for a given port.

>>> jack.get_port_flags('alsa_pcm:playback_6')
21

---
jack.get_connections()
  Returns a list of ports connected to the given port.
  If nothing is connected, returns a list of length zero.
  
>>> jack.get_connections('alsa_pcm:capture_1')
['foo_client:input_1']

---
jack.connect(source, destination)
  Connect two ports on the Jack graph.
  Note that source must have the IsOutput flag, and
  destination must have the IsInput flag.
  If you want to recieve or send audio, you must
  connect your client's inputs/outputs (those
  ports registered via jack.register_port()) to
  something else which is generating or recieving
  audio, e.g. the alsa_pcm ports.
  You can connect ports which belong to other clients
  as well, e.g. for a patchbay application.
  
  At the time of writing, there is a bug in the Jack
  API which causes audio data to be missing from
  input buffers if ports are connected before 
  jack.activate() is called.  Until this is fixed,
  please make sure that you call jack.activate() 
  prior to using jack.connect().
  
---
jack.disconnect(source, destination)
  Break a connection established by jack.connect().
 
---
jack.get_buffer_size()
  Returns the current buffer size used by the Jack server.
  If this number is small you may have a lot of synchronization problems.
  
---
jack.get_sample_rate()
  Returns the current sample rate used by the Jack server.
  
---
jack.check_events()
  Check if any asynchronous event callbacks have been raised since
  the last call to jack.check_events().
  Use of this function does -NOT- require that you be presently attached
  to the Jack server; however the values will not change unless you are!

>>> jack.check_events()
{'graph_ordering': 0, 'shutdown': 0, 'port_registration': 0, 'hangup': 0}

If graph_ordering == 1:
  Then a pair of ports somewhere in the jack graph has been connected or 
disconnected.

If port_registration == 1:
  Then a port has been added or removed from the jack graph.
  
If shutdown == 1:
  Then the Jack server has shutdown; your client is no longer attached.
  
If hangup == 1:
  Then the Jack server decided to kill the PyJack client for some reason;
  the client is no longer attached.
  
  Any flag which is raised is immediatly reset to zero when this 
  function is called.
  
------------------------------------------------------------------------